According to a recent EU report, it could take as long as a month and a half for NATO ground forces to reach the Eastern European member states in the event of a potential Russian attack. The leaked document highlights that Europe’s current infrastructure is far from adequate for the rapid movement of large military units.

The fresh report, prepared for the European Commission, warns that it could currently take up to forty-five days for NATO ground forces to make their way from Western European ports to the eastern member states if Russia were to launch an attack. Although the document does not name Hungary, the circumstances examined are similar in our country as well, according to Világgazdaság.

Experts note that even determining when and in what form NATO recognises a threat at the political level could itself pose difficulties. The report recalls that in 2022, prior to the invasion of Ukraine, there was no full consensus among member states on whether Russia was indeed preparing to act.

NATO members’ infrastructure is not ready for mobilisation

The main problem, however, is the extremely time-consuming redeployment. Europe’s transport infrastructure is not prepared for the rapid movement of large military formations. Many bridges are not strong enough, some tunnels are too small, and the often country-specific rail systems can also cause significant delays.

German Lieutenant General Alexander Sollfrank pointed out that adequate infrastructure is essential for military movements, as huge amounts of personnel and equipment would need to be transported both from across the Atlantic and from Western Europe.

Incompatible rail networks, outdated roads

The report also highlights several concrete problems within Europe that particularly hinder a rapid response. In many places, the rail network is not suitable for transporting heavy military cargo safely, for example due to excessively narrow loading gauges or unfavourable track gradients.

The differing rail gauges in the Baltic states also pose a problem, which is why Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are already working intensively on harmonising the network through a major joint project. The Iberian Peninsula likewise uses a separate railway system, leading to similar obstacles.

Road network development is also unavoidable, especially in Germany, which plays a central role in planning due to its geographical position and the presence of stationed US troops.

nato-tank
Photo: pixbay.com

Solutions sought at EU level

EU member states have identified several thousand infrastructure points in need of improvement, of which around five hundred are considered particularly important by experts in Brussels.

To facilitate transport, the idea of a “military Schengen” is also being examined, which would ease administrative barriers for cross-border movement. At present, the same convoy often has to be authorised under completely different requirements in several countries, and plans to digitalise documentation have so far been delayed due to fears of cyberattacks.

The document also refers to a previous case in which the transport of French tanks to Romania took far longer than expected because the German authorities did not permit their onward movement by road. As a result, they had to be rerouted via sea and rail.

Deterrence is crucial

Governments are increasingly involving private companies to support these processes. In Germany, for example, the services division of an arms manufacturer provides comprehensive support for military units passing through the country.

Even so, experts warn that the task remains extremely complex: the number of vehicles and weapon systems involved is enormous, and moving even a single light division may require several thousand railway wagons.

According to senior officials leading the planning, this may seem excessive at first glance, but it is essential if NATO is to demonstrate credible deterrence. As the report concludes, the Alliance is only credible if it has prepared plans even for the worst-case scenario.